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非主流路径:精算师在保险行业外(上)   [复制链接]

zhizhizhi 2022-6-13 10:01:38
本帖最后由 zhizhizhi 于 2022-6-13 10:10 编辑

写在开头的话:

自打小编转行以来,不少做精算的朋友跟小编问起来,保险行业之外的工作情况。协会的朋友也曾跟小编聊起过,有没有什么渠道或者机会,可以把“转行的精算师”这个群体汇集起来,为协会或者精算行业,贡献一点点不一样的能量,毕竟,聚是一团火,散是满天星嘛。拖沓了一年,小编终于组织起这篇啦,约了几个前辈和朋友,加上小编自己的经验,聊一聊在保险行业之外,精算师还可以承担起哪些角色,发挥哪些贡献。篇幅略长,分成了上下两篇,欢迎小伙伴们来继续找小编投稿补充,或者讨论交流呀。



【券商:非银行业研究】

Harry,毕业于西财+Heriot-Watt,六年工作经验,曾在某倒闭分析中心和某邦工作过,现在在某券商做非银分析师。我的工作经历一直不是纯负债端的精算,第一份工作中涉及到了很多资产端的内容,比如ALM之类的;第二份工作就偏纯负债一些,主要是负债某邦的模型,其中辛酸泪懂得自然懂;现在主要工作就是非银方面的分析了,涉及精算的内容有但是不多。现在的工作内容和精算是所关联的,但相关性不高。因为如果不懂基础精算理论就不可能完全看懂保险行业,更别提分析其内在价值。但非银分析又不仅仅是精算相关,其还需要了解、覆盖更多的方面,比如:资产、人力、产品等等。让我说现在工作与精算工作最大的区别就是精算更注重底层逻辑,更注重这个数的正确与否。而非银分析则需要站在一个更高的视角看整个行业,了解的方方面面会更多,视野也会更宽。从考试上来说,做非银分析不需要准精或正精,想不想考全凭个人意愿,做分析师更需要的是内在驱动力,而不是外在驱动。工作强度上来说肯定是比精算更高,但理论上来说收入也会高一点,付出越多收获越多的道理基本还是通用的。性价比的话就得看个人了,如果想要躺起来,精算可以说是一份很好的工作了;但如果想从不一样的角度看保险行业,非银分析可以说很合适。如果想转行来做非银分析,首先就要能抗压,其次就是要多了解保险行业方方面面的知识,不能只限于负债精算相关。非银行业也很欢迎各位有精算背景的青年才俊前来试水。

【保险资管:资产配置】

TAO,某985高校毕业,工作九年,持有ASAFRM资质,曾在精算咨询、行业头部直保负债部门工作,现在某千亿直保资管部门从事资产配置工作。工作经历涉及精算建模、风险系统开发、偿二代、风险管理、资产负债管理、资产配置和委外投资管理等领域。

个人之前工作更侧重于负债端的中台,目前工作更偏向于资产端的中前台。负债端精算师更关注中微观层面的实务,用模型来量化负债业务的财务影响,从财务精算的角度对公司经营提出管理建议。负债端精算师大都具有审慎的职业意识,具备良好的金融建模能力,这些禀赋是可以直接迁移到投资端的工作中去。

而资产部门需要对宏观、中观、微观层面有全方位的深入研究。以资产配置的从业人员为例,要想做好相关工作,需要对宏观经济、资本市场、行业策略和组合构建等进行长期、稳定和深入的学习、研究,至少争取在其中一个方面有所造诣。资产端的工作,入门容易,做好很难,从业者要坚持终身学习、始终敬畏资本市场。

对于在校的精算学生来说,诚心建议学弟学妹们树立终身学习的理念,加强在经济学、数理、编程方面的基础训练,多锻炼自身理论联系实际的能力。对于有一定精算工作经验的同学来说,若想从传统精算领域切换到非传统精算领域,跨度小一点的可从资产的风险量化起步,如偿二代或资产负债管理中的资产相关工作,逐步拓展到资产配置、投资风险管理等领域;跨度大一点的可尝试非银研究、保险资产证券化、险企的兼并收购、保险资管产品开发与设计等相关岗位。

【保险资管:风险管理】

喵小昭,毕业于人大统计(精算方向),三年工作经验,曾在某人身再保险公司做产品精算,现在某保险资管公司做量化与市场风险管理。

其实小编之前在再保,也谈不上非常典型的“精算工作”,两段工作其实都是跟风险打交道,只不过再保聚焦于负债端的发生率风险(以及医疗险的费用/成本风险等);而资管风控,则关注资产端的市场风险,比如利率变动、股票价格波动等。SOA有句响当当的口号,“Risk isopportunity”,风险的另一面,其实就是收益的不确定性,如何避免这种不确定性转化为永久性损失,则是风险管理要达成的核心目标之一。无论是负债端的发生率经验分析和精算预测,还是资产端的量化风险指标体系和模型体系,其实都是为这一目标服务的手段和工具。在实际的工作层面,个人理解,再保产品精算更侧重于模型的科学性和预测的准确性,以保证当前的再保报价至少在未来一定期限内“不亏本”,所以微观层面会挖得很细,同时也离不开宏观层面的市场研究与获客思维;而资管风控,则更侧重于资产组织边界的划定,以保证投资资产的潜在亏损在公司的风险战略可控制、风险偏好可承受的范围内,所以数据的相对准确会比绝对精确更重要,模型结果的可解释性会比用什么工具本身更重要,整体工作上也更偏宏观和综合一些。

在更切身的工作体验上,坦白地讲,小编作为懒惰的学渣一枚,不考精算确实是感觉一身轻了,但以往用于学习和考试的时间基本上也都会被加班填满,毕竟直接跟钱打交道的行业,压力和紧凑的工作节奏是难免的。个人觉得,还是要想清楚自己喜欢什么样的工作与生活状态,能平衡好工作与学习的同学,职场“升级”与考场“打怪”两不误,相信这其中自我实现的价值感也是加倍的;但如果像小编这样一心一意爱加班(相对于考试而言),喜欢专心在工作中成长,那么资产端风控确实是一个可以考虑的方向,而且它在资管、券商、基金等金融机构都有一定的通用性,职业发展可涉足的领域,确实会比精算更广。


【保险资管:金融市场】

ZJW,毕业于中央财经大学精算学,7年工作经验,曾在再保业务部门、公募基金战客部门工作。现在某保险资管公司金融市场部门。

个人目前主要从事资管产品代销管理工作,并与同业机构开展综合性合作。与精算工作相比,目前的业务工作对特定领域专业性的深度要求有所降低,但对需要了解内容的广度要求有所上升,同时要不断提升协调能力,建立系统思维,协同各部位共同完成任务。

从工作强度与节奏看,个人认为选择精算工作or其他工作没有太本质区别,各有各的强度和忙碌,可能更取决于职业生涯的发展阶段,到了什么阶段,面对什么强度/节奏的活儿。整体感受,在资产端围绕资管产品开展工作,新鲜事物比较多(监管规定、机构差异、产品策略、客群特点),理论上有无限的空间,可供个人去钻研、提升和实践,最终通过业务落地的方式检验成果。

如果想对各位精算的学弟学妹说些什么的话,大概就是这两句吧:

  • 精算诚可贵,考试XXX(玩笑><)
  • 精算学习是很好的思维养成过程,但如果决定选择更大的世界,相信也会有另一个“更好的你”。


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杨政忠 2023-8-27 12:57:00
好棒呀!!2023年8月27日12:56:59
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Ernestgaria 前天 20:56

Yomix

<p>Bitcoin Mixer supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.001 BTC and the transaction fee is 0.5–3%. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program. Letter of guarantee is provided.</p><br><ul> <li><a href=https://yomix9.com/>Yomix</a> : Fast payouts         </li> <li>Coinmize : Zero-log policy         </li> <li>Mixero : Excellent customer support         </li> <li>Bitcoin Laundry : Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions         </li> <li>Bitcoin Mixer : It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit</li> </ul><br><br><h2 id=menu1>1. Yomix - Fast payouts         </h2><p>Yomix is being listed at the #1 spot here, well that’s not without substance. The top reasons why I’m in love with this Bitcoin tumbler is because it’s fast, takes care of our anonymity and privacy, and has a very negligible fee.  Smartmix bitcoin mixing service  The payout is almost instant, all it needs is 2 confirmations for the dirty coins being sent in to be cleaned or tumbled.  No account needs to be created to clean your coins either. They have advanced options which let you set “delayed payouts” which further increase your anonymity and make it hard to link the coins going inside to the coins coming out.  There’s even an option to add up to 5 addresses, so your coins are broken down into 5 different parts and sent to the different addresses again adding another layer of anonymity.  The minimum amount too is pretty low being just 0.001BTC while the maximum limit is 15.32BTC.  It’s pocket-friendly as well, with the fee being just 0.5% per mix + 0.0001BTC/address, in fact, it probably is one of the lowest fee in the industry altogether.  As for anonymity, they delete all logs related to your mix after 7 days which finally erases the last thread which could ever be linked back to you. So yes, enough reasons to list it at the #1 spot, don’t you agree?Yomix is a coin cleaning service that can hide your footprints in the cryptocurrency world.  Currently, Yomix has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to transfer more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds.  The client is given 5 exit addresses to be set.  If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance does not update, then the client can contact the support service to take action.  For users who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits.  The logs are kept for 7 days after which they are automatically deleted.  The platform runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer runs on a different machine, all suspicious activity is monitored and the website is automatically blocked on any signal that it is under intrusion.Yomix works by removing the link between your old and current addresses. Since the mixer destroys any connection between them, your traces of transactions and your identity become untraceable.  The main advantage is the low commission. Bitcoin Laundry is a donation platform. They charge no service fees, only a transaction fee of 0.0002 BTC to the exit address, while transactions from 0.0005 to 38 BTC are supported.  You can set 5 addresses and specify what percentage of the total amount will be returned to each address.  You can select predefined or random payment delays for each address, making it even more difficult to track the transaction.  Bitcoin Laundry boasts a “no log” retention period policy and also allows users to manually delete logs with just one click if they wish.Yomix is one of the best Bitcoin Tumbler services, that I’m stating based on my personal experiences and the positive reviews of other users on the Internet.    It works both as a Bitcoin Tumbler, as well as a swapper, meaning you can clean your coins, and receive them in a different cryptocurrency as well which further adds to their anonymity.  As a Bitcoin Tumbler, they let you set a custom service fee, the higher this fee is, the better your coins are anonymized.  There’s a time-delay option as well which let’s you add an extra layer of protection by delaying your transaction by up to 24 hours, so you receive your coins not instantly but at a later time set by you.  As of now, it supports the following coins:  Bitcoin Ethereum Bitcoin Cash Litecoin The minimum fee of mixing coins for Bitcoin is 0.8% + 0.0008BTC / forwarding address.  Note that there is a minimum transaction limit of 0.01BTC/transaction, and anything below that limit is still accepted but considered “donations” and hence isn’t returned to the senders.  As for confirmation, it needs 1 confirmation before it cleans your Bitcoins. And the time needed for the whole process is generally instant, except when you’ve manually specified a time-delay.  Also, obviously there also is a “Guarantee certificate” which helps you resolve any future conflicts and issues.  It also features a “no logs policy” like all the other Bitcoin Tumbler services on this list, and automatically deletes your order history and all the other data after 24 hours.  Well, this is just one of the many available Bitcoin Tumbler services, so let’s head over to the other available options.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Fast payouts         </li><li>Excellent customer support         </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu2>2. Coinmize - Zero-log policy         </h2><p>Two cryptocurrencies are also supported on Coinmize mixing service. This scrambler is listed because it works quickly and it is reliable. The transaction fee is really low, only the amount of 0.0001 BTC needs to be sent for every extra address. Splitting deposited coins between 5 addresses is also extremely helpful for keeping user’s anonymity. Every user is able to choose an additional option of delaying the payment meaning that the transaction is becoming even more anonymous.Coinmize is a btc shuffle service needed to hide your transfers in the bitcoin world.  Coinmize currently has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to deposit more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds.  The client is asked to set 5 exit addresses.  If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance is not updated, the mixer can contact the support service to take action.  For customers who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits.  Transaction histories are automatically deleted within 1 week after that.  The program runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer is launched on another machine, all suspicious activity is monitored, and the website is automatically protected in case of any indication that it is under DDoS attack.Coinmize supports Bitcoin and Litecoin cryptocurrencies bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.005 BTC, 0.015 LTC and the transaction fee is from 0.4% to 4% + mining fee 0.0003 for BTC, from 2% to 20% + mining fee 0.0003 for LTC. It supports multiple addresses of up to 5 and requires confirmation from 1 till 6. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program as well as a letter of guarantee.How it works: you fill in the whole amount of the resource account and the Coinmize system divides it into small amounts and distributes them to different wallets, mixing them with the coins of other clients or with bitcoins taken on a foreign cryptocurrency exchange, you also get them in small portions to your wallet already washed. This process increases the anonymity of your coins.  Features of the service:  The main difference between this server is that it has 2 different mixing modes.  Cleaning is carried out automatically.In one of the modes, pure BTC is received through foreign cryptocurrency exchanges. Guarantees with PGP signatures are used. Low and high minimum and maximum entry thresholds from 0.001 BTC to 50 BTC.  The mixing procedure takes up to 6 hours. Note that there are services that offer to wait 1-2 days.  Registration on this platform is not required. Cleaning is carried out automatically.  Data encryption is practiced. At the time of writing, Coinmize is one of the best BTC mixing services out there. We definitely recommend it.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Provides user-controlled time delays         </li><li>Customizable mixing settings for better anonymity</li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu3>3. Mixero - Excellent customer support         </h2><p>Mixero bitcoin mixer is one of the few that allows large-volume transactions.  The minimum size for a mixing operation is 0.001 BTC, any amount below this level is considered a donation and is not sent back to the client, there is no maximum transfer limit.  The minimum commission is 0.5% with an additional fee of 0.0005 BTC for each incoming transaction.  During the transaction, you will receive a letter of guarantee, as in all previously mentioned mixers.How it works: you fill in the whole amount of the resource account and the Mixero system divides it into small amounts and distributes them to different wallets, mixing them with the coins of other clients or with bitcoins taken on a foreign cryptocurrency exchange, you also get them in small portions to your wallet already washed. This process increases the anonymity of your coins.  Features of the service:  The main difference between this server is that it has 2 different mixing modes.  Cleaning is carried out automatically.In one of the modes, pure BTC is received through foreign cryptocurrency exchanges. Guarantees with PGP signatures are used. Low and high minimum and maximum entry thresholds from 0.001 BTC to 50 BTC.  The mixing procedure takes up to 6 hours. Note that there are services that offer to wait 1-2 days.  Registration on this platform is not required. Cleaning is carried out automatically.  Data encryption is practiced. At the time of writing, Mixero is one of the best BTC mixing services out there. We definitely recommend it.How it works: unlike other mixers, this site cleans coins with bitcoins purchased by them on cryptocurrency exchanges. Mixero io examines purchased coins using a scoring system with innovative algorithms and the use of technologies such as blockchain volume analysis, cluster analysis, pollution analysis, etc. After that, you will receive your BTC back, divided into random parts, and even sent in different addresses, if necessary.  The whole process takes about 6 hours. The mixer does not require registration and does not store any logs.  After each mixing operation, a letter of guarantee is sent, and information about it is eliminated after 24 hours, ensuring complete anonymity. The service also provides round-the-clock technical support.  MixTum io charges a flat fee of 5% of the transaction, as well as a network fee of 0.00015 BTC. The program has two versions – for regular browsers and Tor.Mixero is a Bitcoin mixing service that provides privacy by using the ‘Bitcoin Mixer 2.0’ algorithm to shuffle bitcoins. Unlike other similar tumbling services that mix your coins with the coins of other users, this platform mixes your crypto with the crypto bought by them directly from the cryptocurrency stock exchanges.  Mixero verifies the newly purchased coins with a scoring system with the help of innovative algorithms and outfoxes such technologies as blockchain volume analysis, cluster analysis, taint analysis, etc.  It means that you will receive your BTC back split into random parts, and even at the different addresses if needed.  Consequently, your privacy is protected as there is no connection to you. And it takes up to 6 hours to complete your request.  Another privacy feature of this mixer service is that it does not require registration and it does not store logs. All the transactions are digitally signed with letters of guarantee that you can check on the website at any moment. They also provide 24/7 technical support.  MixTum.io will charge you a 5% Fee from your transaction as well as a network fee of 0.00015 BTC.  The platform provides two versions – for Clearnet and Tor browsers.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Excellent customer support         </li><li>It has a positive reputation among the Bitcoin community</li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu4>4. Bitcoin Laundry - Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions         </h2><p>Let’s take a look at another one of the leading bitcoin mixers which is incredibly easy to operate. Bitcoin Laundry has a straightforward interface and it is worth mentioning that the service fee is the lowest possible, it is 0.0% with 0.0002 BTC per extra address. Retention period is 7 days when it is easy for a user to manually remove all the logs which are saved for this period because of any future transaction-related problems. There is a time-delay feature, however, it is not possible to be controlled by a user but the mixing platform only.This is by far the most unique Bitcoin Laundry I’ve ever encountered till date; that’s so pertaining to its “Time-travel” feature! (Whoa!)  Basically instead of operating on the traditional receive unclean coins > send clean coins process, it instead uses a create wallet > fund it with chips beforehand > receive unclean coins > grant access to the pre-funded wallet process!  This lets users spend the clean coins even before the unclean coins were sent to the mixer (because the wallet was pre-funded) and that’s the reason I termed it the time-travel mixer. Also it funds the wallets with “chips” which are not the same thing as Bitcoins, they’re basically the private keys which can be exported to your Bitcoin wallets to fund your wallets with the amount the chips were worth.  It also lets users bet their Chips which has a chance of doubling the worth of their chips, other advanced features include merging which lets users combine two big chips into one single chip, or splitting which divides one big chip into two smaller chips.  Its fee structure too is an unique- “Pay what you like” feature, which not only adds to user anonymity by randomizing the fee but also makes the service more affordable and customizable. Because users completely control when or how much funds they wish to withdraw, it translates into 100% user control on time-delays and distribution control.  No logs are kept after a 7-day retention period; or there also is an option to manually scrub all logs whenever you wish prior to this 7-day period. The minimum deposit limit on the platform is 0.0001BTC.Bitcoin Laundry is unique in the sense that it offers support for both Bitcoin and Ethereum. The site does not require registration and has a minimum deposit requirement of 0.2 BTC. Transaction fees range from 2 – 5% depending on the amount that is being transferred. There is no referral program offer for Bitcoin Laundry and multiple addresses are not supported. Finally, letters of guarantee are not provided.Bitcoin Laundry runs on the Darknet and is one of the most popular Bitcoin toggle switches.  This dark service uses new technology, it doesn’t just clean up your coins, you get brand new coins that have never been on the dark web.  The cleaning process can take no more than 4 hours. To carry out cleaning on Helix in the basic version of Grams, you need to register, in the versions of Helix Light and Helix Market this is not necessary. If you still decide to use the Grams version, you will have to pay an entrance fee of 0.01 BTC.  Helix has an additional feature (Auto-Helix) that allows you to specify which addresses your coins will be mixed with when they are credited to your account. Helix also enforces a “no log” policy, all logs are deleted automatically after 7 days or by the user immediately after completion of the output.  Helix has a third party server not connected to Grams. A number of Bitcoin client programs that he uses are located on a completely separate server from Helix and Grams. Even if Grams is attacked or compromised, Helix will not be affected.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Zero-logs of your transactions         </li><li>Available in Tor         </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu5>5. Bitcoin Mixer - It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit</h2><p>Bitcoin Mixer is another one that requires consideration. It supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.001 BTC and the transaction fee is 4–5%. It supports multiple addresses of 2 or custom options and requires confirmation. No registration is required and it does not offer a referral program. Letter of guarantee is offered.If you’re looking for a mixer which neither keeps any logs, nor asks you to register; Bitcoin Mixer is an option you can peek at. It does offer registrations in case you’d want to keep things professional, organized and are a frequent mixer.  It’s one of the very few mixers which offer “multiple deposit addresses” (upto 5); so you can break the deposit into multiple parts which add upto your total amount.  Even offers 2-FA (via PGP) for account security. It also acts as a BTC aXMR a BTC convertor which further adds anonymity. The fee is randomized between a minimum 1% and a maximum 4%.  Minimum Withdrawal and deposit limits are acceptable, currently 0.00045 BTC and 0.0018 BTC respectively. Upto 10 additional addresses supported for each output.  Time-delays aren’t completely user-controlled, yet users get to specify the maximum delay they want for the total output. All outputs are processed before this timer is reached. Instant withdrawal too available.This is by far the most unique Bitcoin Mixer I’ve ever encountered till date; that’s so pertaining to its “Time-travel” feature! (Whoa!)  Basically instead of operating on the traditional receive unclean coins > send clean coins process, it instead uses a create wallet > fund it with chips beforehand > receive unclean coins > grant access to the pre-funded wallet process!  This lets users spend the clean coins even before the unclean coins were sent to the mixer (because the wallet was pre-funded) and that’s the reason I termed it the time-travel mixer. Also it funds the wallets with “chips” which are not the same thing as Bitcoins, they’re basically the private keys which can be exported to your Bitcoin wallets to fund your wallets with the amount the chips were worth.  It also lets users bet their Chips which has a chance of doubling the worth of their chips, other advanced features include merging which lets users combine two big chips into one single chip, or splitting which divides one big chip into two smaller chips.  Its fee structure too is an unique- “Pay what you like” feature, which not only adds to user anonymity by randomizing the fee but also makes the service more affordable and customizable. Because users completely control when or how much funds they wish to withdraw, it translates into 100% user control on time-delays and distribution control.  No logs are kept after a 7-day retention period; or there also is an option to manually scrub all logs whenever you wish prior to this 7-day period. The minimum deposit limit on the platform is 0.0001BTC.Bitcoin Mixer is another simple yet trustworthy Bitcoin Tumbler service. And one of the primary differences it has compared to the other platforms on this list is that it can accommodate really “large volume transactions”.  There is no maximum transaction limit as such, considering how their reserve is really huge and you’ll need to be a millionaire before you can run them out of funds. If any limit is breached, you are notified before you make the payment.  The minimum transaction 0.001BTC, any amount lower than this is is considered a donation, like in the case of PriveCoin, and isn’t sent back to the customer.  The minimum fee is 0.5%, with an additional 0.0005BTC for every deposited transaction.  You can set a custom fee for added anonymity and they also provide a letter or guarantee like all the mentionable Bitcoin Tumblers out there.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Extensive FAQ section </li><li>Offers a low minimum deposit of 0.002 BTC         </li></ul></p>
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